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3. Energy sources and generation
The Centre has peak energy capacity of 71 kW of renewable energy from three different sources: wind, solar, and geothermal energies. The use of renewable energy in the Centre reduces CO2 emission by 267 tonnes each year. The entire Centre is installed with an alarm that has a “red lightâ€ warning when renewable energy cannot cope with the demand, as opposed to a “green lightâ€ when there is sufficient renewable energy. All residents should reduce their energy demand during the red light period. 	
	
Wind turbine: Scotland is the windiest country in Europe, especially on its islands such as Inch Kenneth. Four 20 kW wind turbines are installed on the island, generating 80 kW of energy at maximum capacity. These wind turbines are the main source of electricity of this island.  Due to variation in wind availability, these wind turbines only generate as an average 24 kW of energy throughout the year. 
Solar panel:  Modern solar panels are very sensitive, which means that daylight alone can heat water without the need for bright sunshine. Assume that Inch Kenneth Island gets about 10 to 11 hours of sunlight each day throughout the year. A 15 kW solar panel is attached to the roof of the Centre, facing southeast. The heated water is stored in a separate insulated, preheated tank until needed. If additional heat is required, it is provided by a conventional water heating system using electricity.	
Geothermal heat pump: The ground’s stable temperature makes it an attractive heat source, and heat sinks compared to the outdoor air. Assume that the soil temperature two metres below the surface is approximately 20 °C throughout the year. A vertical ground coupling system employing a 32 kW geothermal heat pump can be installed to extract heat and heat water, which can then be used for space heating. An additional benefit is that, in summer, this heat pump works in a cooling mode, and can transfer heat from inside the Centre into the soil. This heat pump is an efficient way to heat with electricity, as 1 kW of electricity produces 3.5 kW of renewable energy from the ground.	
Backup generator: Two 40 kW batteries, running alternately to provide redundancy (when there is inadequate power of renewable energy) and backup power, are installed on the island. Batteries are charged by electricity from wind turbine running during night time. Battery is a reliable source of energy in the case of a catastrophic failure, such as wind turbine failure. 
4. Water used
	Clean, fresh water is sacred in remote areas such as Inch Kenneth. As with energy, the management of water resources is directly related to sustainability. The aim of the Centre’s sustainable water management is to ensure that the use of water is efficient and that the pollution is minimised so waste water is re-used for multi-purposes again.
Water conservation: All washrooms available in the Centre follow the water efficient standards. The washrooms are installed with low-volume flush toilets, waterless urinals, auto-shut-off and spray taps, and walk-in showers. These water efficient washrooms can readily achieve 32% in water savings.	
Water reuse: To prevent a water shortage during periods of low rainfall, the Centre uses treated wastewater for applications that do not require a high-quality water supply. Everybody in the Centre must follow regulations on the level of the quantity of nutrients and other toxic contaminants entering the waterways.
5. Water sources and treatment
Water within the Centre facilities is classified into three categories – green, yellow, and red – just like traffic lights. Green water is potable water for human and chickens consumptions. Yellow water is recycled water used for bathing, washing clothes, cooking, and irrigation, while red water is water used for toilet flushing. 
Green water: In a remote area such as Inch Kenneth, rain-water is the most reliable source of drinking water. Assume that there are about 20 rain days per month on the island throughout the year. Rain-water is harvested from the roof of the Centre where a roof washer is installed to remove debris collected by the rain. Next, the rain water is stored in an underground reservoir and treated with high quality filtration and UV light disinfection. After the treatment, the potable rain water is stored in a tank for the use of drinking only. 
Yellow water: Rain water is collected by another reservoir constructed on land adjacent to the Centre. A large waste water treatment machine is used to treat fresh rain water from the reservoir and yellow water from the Centre. The water is then recycled for other uses within the Centre. 	
Red water: Yellow water used for toilet flushing is considered red water, as it contains feces and urine. This red water is dehydrated and used as fertiliser.
6. Material in construction and operation
	Materials for the Centre are selected to enhance sustainability. They are selected and evaluated based on the following criteria: life cycle analysis (LCA); recycled or reused; locally harvested, produced and distributed; or supportive approaches to environmental problem solving. For example, all wood materials should be certified and created from renewable resources. Adhesives, sealers, finishes, and coatings must contain low or no amount of volatile organic compounds. To promote material recycle and reuse, the Centre also uses reprocessed materials such as crushed concrete, tires, asphalt, glass, and other material from reprocessing facilities for use as aggregates, concrete or asphalt ingredients. For example, carpet padding incorporates recycled rope and shredded tires. The design of the Centre will be compact in order to reduce the amount of material use. The Centre prevents waste generation mainly by adopting resource-efficient building technologies. For example, the use of finger joint lumber allows mills to combine the off-cut lumber (that would ordinarily be burned) into standard high quality lengths. To promote close materials loop in construction, the design must also take into account of deconstruction. This approach prepares materials used in the Centre to be recycled in the future. 
During construction operation, there are many activities to manage waste from the project.  The construction team should develop procedures for separating hazardous waste by-products of construction (e.g. solvents, lubricants, and paints) and for disposing of these wastes according to appropriate local regulations. The chosen manufacturers or constructers must recover the construction scrap of their products for recycling. 
7. Waste
It is important that household waste is well managed on the island because the Centre does not receive waste collection from waste authorities. Everybody in the Centre will be given a brief presentation on the Centre’s waste policy. This approach ensures that everybody in the Centre is well informed. The Centre emphasises its waste policy on waste reduction at source and recycling, while ensuring that waste from the Centre will not be sent to landfill. In terms of waste reduction at the source, the use of plastic is strongly prohibited in the Centre. For example, glass bottles are used instead of plastic bottles. Products in the Centre, such as televisions or carpets, are under product take back scheme where the products will be returned to the manufacturers at the end of their life.
 To put recycling into action, three bins are placed in each room and bins are also places around the Centre.  The colours of the bins again follow those of traffic lights. Green bins are for biodegradable food waste. Yellow bins are for recyclable waste such as paper and glass. Red bins are for toxic non-recyclable waste such as electronic equipment and lithium-ion batteries. Some of the biodegradable food waste is composted on the island while the rest of the food waste is fermented and used as fertiliser. Other non-biodegradable waste is sent to the mainland to appropriate recycling facilities. 


Regards,
Krit