<p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></p>
<p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p><strong>THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fashion as a social and ecological problem </strong></p>
<p>Fashion is one of the essential arts of civilization; it reflects the culture, the history, and the social and environmental characteristics of a particular geographical area at a certain point of time (Geczy &amp; Karaminas, 2012). The current mode of the production in the fashion industry is unsustainable in the long-term because there are negative social and environmental impacts from the manufacturing and finishing processes of apparel and because the constant change in intangible fashion styles increases consumption and production and aggravates those impacts (Gertsakis &amp; Neil, 2011). The fiber and textile production processes required for the manufacture of garments have harmful effects on both workers and environments in the form of pollution of waterways by pesticides, dyes, and chemicals used in the textile finishing processes (Heathcote, 2009). Production processes such dyeing, drying, and finishing currently utilize chemical products and natural resources that generate a high environmental impact resulting in approximately 20% of global industrial water pollution (Brito, Carbone, &amp; Blanquart, 2008). The use of fibers such as cotton, wool, and synthetics has a significant environmental impact. For example, polyester, the most widely used manufactured fiber, is made from petroleum, and the production of polyester and other synthetic fabrics uses chemical- and energy-demanding processes requiring large amounts of oil and producing nasty byproducts which find a way into potable-water sources (Kant, 2012).</p>
<p>Members of society adopt new styles to maintain their differentiation, which continuously focuses their interest on acquiring fashion merchandise. Consequently, consumers acquire a lot of unwanted clothing because clothing rapidly becomes unfashionable, and the wasted clothing ends up in landfills where it pollutes the ground and water (Payne, 2014). Fashion is part of a joyful lifestyle for fashion-forward consumers but has significant costs in environmental and societal terms; thus, the concerns in environmentally-friendly production and consumption create conflicting needs and a challenge for society that desires both fashion and sustainability.</p>
<p>Sustainability is crucial to companies&rsquo; strategies, especially for those which produce goods in environmentally sensitive business areas such as the fashion industry (Caniato, Caridi, Crippa&amp; Moretto, 2012). In recent years, sustainability has become a central consideration for the apparel industry. In addition, the concern for sustainability has begun to affect apparel-industry strategies, operations, and workforce engagement along with the connection between the clothing industry, its consumers, and the communities which the industry serves (Pookulangara &amp; Shephard, 2013). With great concern about environmental issues, companies have realized that trend-sensitive fashion, typically, has the potential to earn high profit but also raises ethical issues. As a result, the fashion industry is tending toward a more-environmentally and more-socially responsible behavior (Payne, 2014). Both researchers and practitioners are devoting increased attention to achieving a balance between environmental and business needs. Moreover, a greater number of firms are looking for management approaches that incorporate considerations of sustainability (Wiese, Kellner, Lietke, Toporowski, &amp; Zielke, 2012). Fashion companies, including both manufacturers and retailers, are increasingly developing and marketing eco-fashion in order to promote sustainable consumption and terms such as ethical fashion, eco-fashion, and sustainable fashion have become popular within the media over the last few years (Bennie, Gazibara, &amp; Murray, 2010).</p>
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